CONFRONTATION CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION NOT VIOLATED BY ADMISSION OF MEDICAL RECORDS OF VICTIM
Post 4908
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Michael McCullough appealed from the judgment of sentence imposed following his convictions for one count each of aggravated assault, person not to possess a firearm, carrying a firearm without a license and recklessly endangering another person.
In Commonwealth Of Pennsylvania v. Michael McCullough, No. 824 WDA 2022, No. J-A18038-24, 2024 PA Super 221, Superior Court of Pennsylvania (September 24, 2024) McCullough challenged his conviction on constitutional ground claiming he was unable to confront a witness against him.
FACTS – 10-20 YEARS IN JAIL
On March 4, 2019, authorities responded to a shooting in downtown Pittsburgh. The victim, Lawrence Toombs, was encountered laying on the sidewalk near the intersection of Liberty Avenue and Seventh Street with two bullet wounds in the left, upper chest. The jury was shown video footage of the shooting, still photographs of the shooting and video footage of the suspect’s flight from the scene. Gunshot testing of McCullough’s right hand was positive for gunshot residue.
Following his conviction of the above-mentioned charges, Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of 10 to 20 years of incarceration followed by a 2-year period of probation.
CLAIMS ON APPEAL
Appellant raises the following two claims in this appeal:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and/or erred by allowing the medical records and certification that the medical records were the victim’s medical records when the certification was testimonial and in violation of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment?
2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and/or erred by allowing redacted medical records into evidence when redacted medical records are not permitted to be entered into evidence under the medical records exception to the hearsay rule when the records were not a true and complete reproduction?
Appellant first argued that his rights to confrontation were violated when the Commonwealth failed to produce a witness at his trial who could testify that the copy of the victim’s medical records that were admitted at trial were true and accurate.
Issues related to whether the admission of evidence violated an accused’s rights under the Confrontation Clause are questions of law. The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause generally prohibits the admission of hearsay statements that are “testimonial” in nature. Stated differently, testimonial evidence has a primary purpose of creating an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.
If a statement is not intended to be used to prove an element of a crime, the statement may be non-testimonial. Examples of this would include calibration and accuracy certificates for Breathalyzers or other devices that test the alcohol content of someone’s breath. These certificates merely certify the reliability of the device.
Looking at the purpose served by the evidence the court noted that the records in question are medical records relating to treatment given to the non-testifying victim for injuries suffered in the shooting. Because the victim did not testify, the prosecutor sought to introduce the victim’s medical records and accompanying certification to establish the victim’s injuries. As objective information, the records are not testimonial for the Court of Appeals’ purposes.
Since a medical records certificate does not vouch for the substance of those records but merely certifies that the hospital furnished accurate copies of records, the certificate was not testimonial. Accordingly, there was no Confrontation Clause violation.
The victim’s personal identifying information contained in the medical records was irrelevant at Appellant’s trial. The only purpose served by the medical records was to show that the victim in this case suffered a serious bodily injury. The jury did not need to know the victim’s address, birthdate, social security number, or who his insurance company was.
The information about the victim’s injuries was not limited to the medical records in question. Video evidence of the incident showed Appellant raise his arm while holding a firearm and shoot twice directly at the victim. The victim was also found lying in a pool of blood, and Detective Corey Adelsberger testified to inspecting the victim and discovering two gunshot wounds.
The Court of Appeals concluded that the Appellant suffered no prejudice and is not entitled to relief on his claims so the judgment of sentence affirmed.
ZALMA OPINION
The US Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to confront witnesses against him. McCullough tried to defeat his conviction by claiming he was not allowed to confront the custodian of records of the hospital that treated the victim he shot twice. Since all the custodian attested to was that the copy prepared was an accurate copy of the victims records. There was no testimony and the records established that the victim suffered serious injuries which, when added to the testimony of the police officer who found him in a pool of blood with two bullet wounds to the chest who was available to confront. A serious criminal seeking appellate relief for his obvious guilt.
(c) 2024 Barry Zalma & ClaimSchool, Inc.
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The Professional Claims Handler
Post 5218
Read the full article at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/zalma-philosophy-claims-handling-part-8-barry-zalma-esq-cfe-zdwsc, see the full video at https://rumble.com/v70zl4s-the-zalma-philosophy-of-claims-handling-part-8.html and at https://youtu.be/MIYcF71ffRQ, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5200 posts.
Claims Commandment X – Thou Shall Not Pretend to be a Lawyer
Some experienced and professional claims people know the law in their area of expertise better than most lawyers.
Adjusters should be adjusters and leave lawyering to lawyers. Similarly, lawyers should be lawyers and never try to be adjusters.
Claims Commandment XI – Thou Shall Empathize With the Claimant
Everyone presenting a claim is unhappy, disturbed, shocked, injured and needs help.
Empathy is identification with and understanding of another’s situation, feelings, and motives. It is the ability to understand another person’s circumstances, point of view, thoughts, and feelings....
HOW TO CREATE AN EXCELLENCE IN CLAIMS HANDLING PROGRAM
See the full video at https://rumble.com/v70wb2i-the-zalma-philosophy-of-claims-handling-part-6.html and at https://youtu.be/tL5nDKPEs40 and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5200 posts.
Post 5217
This is a change from my normal blog postings. It is my attempt. in more than one post, to explain the need for professional claims representatives who comply with the basic custom and practice of the insurance industry.
An Excellence in Claims Handling program begins with a statement in the insurer’s claims manual or statement of professionalism that it is dedicated to providing excellence in claims handling to every insured who presents a claim.
The excellence in claims handling program should include, at a minimum:
A series of lectures supported by text materials explaining:
A definition of insurance.
How to read and understand an insurance policy.
How to interview an insured, witness, or claimant.
How to assist an insured in the insured’s obligation to ...
The Professional Claims Handler
Post 5216
Read the full article at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/zalma-philosophy-claims-handling-part-5-barry-zalma-esq-cfe-jde8c, see the full video at https://rumble.com/v70q4x8-the-zalma-philosophy-of-claims-handling-part-5.html and at https://youtu.be/6b9tZQsEkB4, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5200 posts.
This is a change from my normal blog postings. It is my attempt. in more than one post, to explain the need for professional claims representatives who comply with the basic custom and practice of the insurance industry.
Standards to be a Professional Claims Adjuster
The Insurance claims professional should be a person who:
1. Can read and understand the insurance policies issued by the insurer.
2. Understands the promises made by the policy.
3. Understand their obligation, as an insurer’s claims staff, to fulfill the promises made.
4. Are competent investigators.
5. Have empathy and recognize the difference between empathy and sympathy.
6. ...
The Professional Claims Handler
Post 5219
Posted on October 31, 2025 by Barry Zalma
An Insurance claims professionals should be a person who:
Can read and understand the insurance policies issued by the insurer.
Understands the promises made by the policy.
Understand their obligation, as an insurer’s claims staff, to fulfill the promises made.
Are competent investigators.
Have empathy and recognize the difference between empathy and sympathy.
Understand medicine relating to traumatic injuries and are sufficiently versed in tort law to deal with lawyers as equals.
Understand how to repair damage to real and personal property and the value of the repairs or the property.
Understand how to negotiate a fair and reasonable settlement with the insured that is fair and reasonable to both the insured and the insurer.
How to Create Claims Professionals
To avoid fraudulent claims, claims of breach of contract, bad faith, punitive damages, unresolved losses, and to make a profit, insurers ...
The History Behind the Creation of a Claims Handling Expert
The Insurance Industry Needs to Implement Excellence in Claims Handling or Fail
Post 5210
This is a change from my normal blog postings. It is my attempt. in more than one post, to explain the need for professional claims representatives who comply with the basic custom and practice of the insurance industry. This statement of my philosophy on claims handling starts with my history as a claims adjuster, insurance defense and coverage lawyer and insurance claims handling expert.
My Training to be an Insurance Claims Adjuster
When I was discharged from the US Army in 1967 I was hired as an insurance adjuster trainee by a professional and well respected insurance company. The insurer took a chance on me because I had been an Army Intelligence Investigator for my three years in the military and could use that training and experience to be a basis to become a professional insurance adjuster.
I was initially sat at a desk reading a text-book on insurance ...
The History Behind the Creation of a Claims Handling Expert
The Insurance Industry Needs to Implement Excellence in Claims Handling or Fail
Post 5210
This is a change from my normal blog postings. It is my attempt. in more than one post, to explain the need for professional claims representatives who comply with the basic custom and practice of the insurance industry. This statement of my philosophy on claims handling starts with my history as a claims adjuster, insurance defense and coverage lawyer and insurance claims handling expert.
My Training to be an Insurance Claims Adjuster
When I was discharged from the US Army in 1967 I was hired as an insurance adjuster trainee by a professional and well respected insurance company. The insurer took a chance on me because I had been an Army Intelligence Investigator for my three years in the military and could use that training and experience to be a basis to become a professional insurance adjuster.
I was initially sat at a desk reading a text-book on insurance ...
