Zalma on Insurance
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November 02, 2022
Claims Commandments

Claims Commandment Number IV Thou Shall Understand The Policy

Read the full article at https://lnkd.in/gGf5zzjp and see the full video at https://lnkd.in/gJXWW43V and at https://lnkd.in/gxE8peEG and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 4350 posts.

In this the fourth of Fifteen Claims Commandments we deal with the need for every insurance claims professional to read and understand the terms and conditions of the policy that made promises to an insured who is presenting a claim.

Insurance Policies are Contracts

Insurance policies are contracts. To understand insurance claims the adjuster must understand how all contracts, and specifically insurance contracts, are interpreted. Rules of contract interpretation have developed over the last 300 years and are applied by courts with the intent to fulfill the desires of all parties to the contract.

People and judges who are not conversant in insurance and the interpretation of insurance contracts believe that the insurance policy is difficult to read and understand. They are wrong. However, as one court said in Delancy v. Rockingham Farmers Mutual, 52 N.H. 581 (1873):

This [policy], if read by an ordinary man, would be an inexplicable riddle, a mere flood of darkness and confusion … should some extremely eccentric person attempt to examine the involved and intricate net in which he was to be entangled, he would find that it is printed in such small type and in lines so long and crowded as to make the perusal of the document physically difficult, painful and possibly injurious.

Since 1873 insurance policies are printed in large print and in language, by statute, that anyone with a fourth grade education can understand. Still, there seem to regularly be disputes taken to court about the meaning of terms, conditions and limitations of the policy of insurance.

The following rules govern the construction of contracts of insurance:

If the terms of a promise are in any respect ambiguous or uncertain, it must be interpreted in the sense in which the promisor believed at the time of making it, that the promisee understood it.

If a written contract is so worded that it can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then it is not ambiguous. However, if the language of a policy or contract is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations, it is ambiguous.

When a policy is interpreted, the provisions of an endorsement control the interpretation over the body or declarations of a policy when the two are in conflict.

For example, if the language written to limit an insurer’s liability to the appraised value appears on the declarations page, while the valuation condition that provides for an actual cash value adjustment appears on a form endorsed to the contract, the endorsement’s language would control the interpretation of the contradictory language of the policy.

However, the fact that the two sentences could have been written more clearly, did not mean that they were ambiguous.

Reasonable Expectations

Consider the reasonable expectations of the insured but, when doing so, include the understanding that every insurer is presumed to be acquainted with the practice of the trade that the insurer insures.

More than 150 years ago the US Supreme Court in Hazard’s Administrator v. New England Marine Insurance Co., 33 U.S. 557 (1834) adopted the rule. The Supreme Court concluded that “no injustice is done if insurers are presumed to know their insureds’ industry because it is part of their ordinary business.”

In MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exch., 31 Cal.4th 635 (2003), the California Supreme Court first stated the primacy of the “reasonable expectations” test when interpreting insurance policies. It decided that the reasonable expectations of the insured required coverage to exist for an ordinary act of negligence even if it involved pollutants.

Where the language of the policy is clear, the language must be read accordingly, and where it is not, it must be read in the sense that satisfies the hypothetical insured’s objectively reasonable expectations.

If you find the term is clear and unambiguous there will be no need to apply the reasonable expectations test.

If you find any ambiguity, or determine the insured should be paid, the application of the reasonable expectations test will give a court the ability to construe the policy against the insurer and in favor of payment of the insured’s claim.

The Plain Meaning Test

Most states will apply the plain meaning test.

Long-established insurance law supports the conclusion that insurers are presumed to know and be bound by the meaning of the terms used and customs adopted in their insureds’ industries. Insurers, and insurance claims professionals, faced with a need to understand and apply the wording of a policy of insurance must now conduct their investigation to include:

a detailed investigation of the facts of the loss and policy acquisition;

a determination of the expectations of the insured and the insurer at the time the policy was acquired;

a determination of the purposes for which the policy was acquired; and

an examination of all communications between the insurer and the insured or their representatives.

To conclude a thorough investigation the insurer must at least conduct a detailed interview of the insured, the claimants, the brokers, and the underwriters. When there is a dispute over the meaning of common terms, the court will often find it necessary to inform upon the understanding of persons in the particular business insured so that the judge must consult the opinions of experts.

Expert testimony can be helpful in establishing that the insured’s or the insurer’s interpretation of the term at issue is different from that advanced by the other was reasonable. In California, this may be sufficient for a party to prevail because although insureds are treated differently so that even if the insurer’s interpretation is considered reasonable, it would still not prevail, for in order to do so it would have to establish that its interpretation is the only reasonable one.

An insurance claims professional can never make, or recommend, a decision with regard to an insurance claim until he or she has read the entire policy as it relates to a loss, interpret the policy wordings in accordance with the rules of interpretation stated above, conduct a complete and thorough investigation to determine the reasonable expectations of the insured, and if unable to decide to seek the advice of competent coverage counsel.

(c) 2022 Barry Zalma & ClaimSchool, Inc.

Barry Zalma, Esq., CFE, now limits his practice to service as an insurance consultant specializing in insurance coverage, insurance claims handling, insurance bad faith and insurance fraud almost equally for insurers and policyholders. He practiced law in California for more than 44 years as an insurance coverage and claims handling lawyer and more than 54 years in the insurance business. He is available at http://www.zalma.com and [email protected] and receive videos limited to subscribers of Excellence in Claims Handling at locals.com

https://zalmaoninsurance.locals.com/subscribe.Subscribe to Excellence in Claims Handling at https://barryzalma.substack.com/welcome.

Write to Mr. Zalma at [email protected]; http://www.zalma.com; http://zalma.com/blog; daily articles are published at https://zalma.substack.com. Go to the podcast Zalma On Insurance at https://anchor.fm/barry-zalma; Follow Mr. Zalma on Twitter at https://twitter.com/bzalma; Go to Barry Zalma videos at Rumble.com at https://rumble.com/c/c-262921; Go to Barry Zalma on YouTube- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCysiZklEtxZsSF9DfC0Expg; Go to the Insurance Claims Library – https://zalma.com/blog/insurance-claims-library

00:10:14
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July 03, 2025
Go Directly to Jail: Do not Enjoy the Fourth of July

Attempt at Insurance Fraud Fails

See the full video at https://lnkd.in/gp45YiFc and at https://lnkd.in/gEknRCgC, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5100 posts.

Post 5112

The following is a fictionalized True Crime Story from my experience of Insurance Fraud. This story explains why insurance fraud is a “Heads I Win, Tails You Lose” situation for insurers and those insured. The story is presented to help you to understand how insurance fraud in America is costing everyone who buys insurance.

Arson on Independence Day Resulted in Prison for the Arsonist

The insured had no respect for his insurance company. He expected them to pay any claim he presented. He expected no investigation. Other members of the same immigrant community had successfully committed arson fraud. It was so easy for others. He decided to burn his house down.

The insured thought he was highly intelligent. He planned his arson fire carefully. He arranged for his wife and children to spend the weekend with their cousins in Oakland. He got four ...

00:12:21
July 02, 2025
Anti-Concurrent Cause Language Required Claim Denial

Earth Movement Exclusion Effective as Major Cause of Loss

One of Many Causes of Destruction of House was Earth Movement

Post 5111

See the full video at https://lnkd.in/gQA-s4zZ and at https://lnkd.in/gujv2ZER, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5100 posts.

Anti-Concurrent Cause Language Required Claim Denial

Read the full article at https://lnkd.in/gwWkr4SS, see the full video at https://lnkd.in/gQA-s4zZ and at https://lnkd.in/gujv2ZER, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5100 posts.

Terri Lawrence sued alleging that State Farm breached an insurance contract and acted in bad faith by failing to pay benefits under the contract. The case was removed to the United States District Court based on diversity jurisdiction, and the trial was set to begin on September 8, 2025.

In Terri Lawrence v. State Farm Fire..., No. C24-4008-LTS-MAR, United States District Court, N.D. Iowa, Western Division (June 25, 2025) the USDC applied anti-concurrent cause language to dismiss suit.

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

...

00:07:46
July 01, 2025
Zalma’s Insurance Fraud Letter – July 1, 2025

See the full video at https://rumble.com/v6vkjrv-zalmas-insurance-fraud-letter-july-1-2025.html and at https://youtu.be/_rIBWqPcJDQ

ZIFL – Volume 29 No. 13 – July 1, 2025

Post 5111

Uber Technologies Inc. sued a group of lawyers, medical providers and rideshare drivers it claims staged car accidents, manufactured damages and received unnecessary medical procedures to take advantage of insurance policies in Florida, costing the rideshare giant “several million dollars” in legal fees.

Uber accused the group of conspiring to “generate an excuse to deliver unnecessary medical care, submit false insurance claims for recovery and file frivolous lawsuits to sue for non-existent damages” between 2023 and 2024. The five drivers named in the suit were “recruited with bribes to stage accidents,” Uber said in the federal suit filed in south Florida. The group recruited claimants who took their cars to designated body shops to manufacture the “false impression that the accidents resulted in injury,” the company said.

Read ...

00:09:05
May 15, 2025
Zalma's Insurance Fraud Letter - May 15, 2025

ZIFL Volume 29, Issue 10
The Source for the Insurance Fraud Professional

See the full video at https://lnkd.in/gK_P4-BK and at https://lnkd.in/g2Q7BHBu, and at https://zalma.com/blog and at https://lnkd.in/gjyMWHff.

Zalma’s Insurance Fraud Letter (ZIFL) continues its 29th year of publication dedicated to those involved in reducing the effect of insurance fraud. ZIFL is published 24 times a year by ClaimSchool and is written by Barry Zalma. It is provided FREE to anyone who visits the site at http://zalma.com/zalmas-insurance-fraud-letter-2/ You can read the full issue of the May 15, 2025 issue at http://zalma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ZIFL-05-15-2025.pdf
This issue contains the following articles about insurance fraud:

Health Care Fraud Trial Results in Murder for Hire of Witness

To Avoid Conviction for Insurance Fraud Defendants Murder Witness

In United States of America v. Louis Age, Jr.; Stanton Guillory; Louis Age, III; Ronald Wilson, Jr., No. 22-30656, United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit (April 25, 2025) the Fifth Circuit dealt with the ...

May 15, 2025
CGL Is Not a Medical Malpractice Policy

Professional Health Care Services Exclusion Effective

Post 5073

See the full video at https://lnkd.in/g-f6Tjm5 and at https://lnkd.in/gx3agRzi, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5050 posts.

This opinion is the recommendation of a Magistrate Judge to the District Court Judge and involves Travelers Casualty Insurance Company and its duty to defend the New Mexico Bone and Joint Institute (NMBJI) and its physicians in a medical negligence lawsuit brought by Tervon Dorsey.

In Travelers Casualty Insurance Company Of America v. New Mexico Bone And Joint Institute, P.C.; American Foundation Of Lower Extremity Surgery And Research, Inc., a New Mexico Corporation; Riley Rampton, DPM; Loren K. Spencer, DPM; Tervon Dorsey, individually; Kimberly Dorsey, individually; and Kate Ferlic as Guardian Ad Litem for K.D. and J.D., minors, No. 2:24-cv-0027 MV/DLM, United States District Court, D. New Mexico (May 8, 2025) the Magistrate Judge Recommended:

Insurance Coverage Dispute:

Travelers issued a Commercial General Liability ...

April 30, 2025
The Devil’s in The Details

A Heads I Win, Tails You Lose Story
Post 5062

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Barry Zalma

"This is a Fictionalized True Crime Story of Insurance Fraud that explains why Insurance Fraud is a “Heads I Win, Tails You Lose” situation for Insurers. The story is designed to help everyone to Understand How Insurance Fraud in America is Costing Everyone who Buys Insurance Thousands of Dollars Every year and Why Insurance Fraud is Safer and More Profitable for the ­­­Perpetrators than any Other Crime."

Immigrant Criminals Attempt to Profit From Insurance Fraud

People who commit insurance fraud as a profession do so because it is easy. It requires no capital investment. The risk is low and the profits are high. The ease with which large amounts of money can be made from insurance fraud removes whatever moral hesitation might stop the perpetrator from committing the crime.

The temptation to do everything outside the law was the downfall of the brothers Karamazov. The brothers had escaped prison in the old Soviet Union by immigrating to the United...

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