Zalma on Insurance
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Insurance Claims professional presents articles and videos on insurance, insurance Claims and insurance law for insurance Claims adjusters, insurance professionals and insurance lawyers who wish to improve their skills and knowledge. Presented by an internationally recognized expert and author.
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September 16, 2022
Federal Insurance Company Regrets Agreement to Pay Insured and Resolve Coverage Dispute Later

Attempt to Avoid Reimbursement of Excess Insurer Fails

Read the full article at https://lnkd.in/g2ngMuec and shttps://lnkd.in/g2ngMuec and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 4300 posts.

Posted on September 16, 2022 by Barry Zalma

See the full video at https://rumble.com/v1kazdh-federal-insurance-company-regrets-agreement-to-pay-insured-and-resolve-cove.html and at
No Good Deed Goes Unpunished

In Western World Insurance Company v. Federal Insurance Company, Defendant, 2d Civ. No. B311994, California Court of Appeals, Second District, Sixth Division (September 8, 2022) two insurers disputed about the priority of coverage arising from a single incident.
FACTS

In May 2014, Elliot Roger murdered his two roommates and their friend at the Capri Apartments (Capri) in Isla Vista, California. The victims’ heirs brought an action for wrongful death (Chen v. Hi-Desert Mobile Home Park (Super. Ct. Santa Barbara County, 2015, No. 15CV04163) (Chen action) against the owner of the apartments, Hi-Desert Mobile Home Park, LP (Hi-Desert) and the manager, Asset Campus Housing, Inc. (ACH). The action alleged that ACH and Hi-Desert had notice of Roger’s violent propensities but assigned him to be the victims’ roommate.
Insurance Coverage

Associated Industries Insurance Company (AIIC) provided general liability coverage for both Hi-Desert and ACH. Federal Insurance Company (Federal) provided coverage in excess of AIIC’s coverage for both Hi-Desert and ACH. Western World Insurance Company (Western) provided excess general liability coverage for ACH, but not Hi-Desert.

The insurers did the right thing by their insureds. They each contributed funds for a settlement of the underlying action, leaving the question of priority of coverage to separate litigation among the insurers.
Instant Action

Western filed a complaint against AIIC and Federal seeking a declaration that Western’s coverage was in excess of both AIIC and Federal’s coverages. Western’s first amended complaint added causes of action for equitable subrogation and equitable indemnity against Federal. Western sought the return of all of its contributed funds on the ground that the settlement of the underlying action was not in excess of Federal’s coverage.

AIIC filed a cross-complaint seeking a declaration that Western’s coverage was co-primary for ACH. Federal cross complained against Western seeking a declaration that Federal’s coverage for ACH is in excess of Western’s coverage and granted Western’s motion for summary judgment.

The trial court found that Western’s coverage of ACH is in excess of both AIIC’s and Federal’s coverage. The court’s grant of summary adjudication in favor of Western resolved all claims against Federal. Federal appeals.
DISCUSSION
Western’s Coverage Is Not Primary

Western’s policy provides two kinds of general liability coverage. One is for 54 locations specifically designated by their names and addresses. It is undisputed that this is primary liability coverage. But Capri is not one of those properties.

Western’s other coverage is by an endorsement to the policy under the heading “Real Estate Property Managed-Contingent.” It provides coverage for property managed but not owned by ACH. The contingency is that the property owner must maintain personal injury insurance with limits equal to or greater than $1 million.

The endorsement provides that Western’s coverage is excess to any other insurance ACH has whether primary or excess. The language in Western’s endorsement could not be clearer.

Here Western is not using its other insurance clause to transform its policy from primary to excess. Instead, it is using the clause to show that its policy is ab initio excess over all other insurance. That is the bargain Western made with its insured.

The only insurer named in the Schedule of Underlying Insurance is AIIC with underlying limits of $1 million.

Thus, the only contingency for Federal’s liability under its policy is the exhaustion of AIIC’s primary $1 million policy limits. Federal’s liability was not contingent on the exhaustion of limits under Western’s policy. Instead, Federal undertook to provide coverage immediately upon exhaustion of AIIC’s policy limits, whereas Western obligated itself to provide coverage only when the limits of all other available coverage, both primary and excess, were exceeded.
Western’s coverage is in excess of Federal’s coverage.

Federal is attempting to stitch together an argument gathered from bits and pieces of its policy. Its needlework has failed to create even a plausible ambiguity. Any such ambiguity would be interpreted against Federal in any event. Had Federal intended that its coverage not attach until the exhaustion of all other insurance, it could have easily said so. It did not. The trial court correctly concluded that Western’s coverage is in excess of Federal’s coverage.

The elements of an insurer’s cause of action for equitable subrogation are:

the insured suffered a loss for which the defendant is liable, either as the wrongdoer whose act or omission caused the loss or because the defendant is legally responsible to the insured for the loss caused by the wrongdoer;

the claimed loss was one for which the insurer was not primary liable;

the insurer has compensated the insured in whole or in part for the same loss for which the defendant is primarily liable;

the insurer has paid the claim of its insured to protect its own interest and not as a volunteer;

the insured has an existing, assignable cause of action against the defendant which the insured could have asserted for its own benefit had it not been compensated for its loss by the insurer;

the insurer has suffered damages caused by the act or omission upon which the liability of the defendant depends;

justice requires that the loss be entirely shifted from the insurer to the defendant, whose equitable position is inferior to that of the insurer; and

the insurer’s damages are in a liquidated sum, generally the amount paid to the insured.

Primary Liability

Prior to the settlement of the Chen action, ACH had an assignable cause of action against Federal because Federal refused to acknowledge its duty to indemnify that ACH was primary to Western’s coverage. It would be absurd to allow Federal to use Western’s money to settle Federal’s debt to ACH, and hold the settlement deprived Western of the right to recover the money from Federal. Perhaps the most bizarre of Federal’s arguments is that Western did not suffer any damages caused by Federal. Federal is preventing money that rightly belongs to Western from being returned to it.
Equitable Position

Western’s coverage is in excess to Federal’s coverage; the settlement of the Chen action did not exhaust the limits of Federal’s coverage; therefore, Western is entitled to the return of its money.
Prejudgment Interest

The trial court awarded Western prejudgment interest at the rate of 10 percent pursuant to Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a). The court has no discretion in awarding interest under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a).

Federal is wrong for two reasons: Western is subrogated to ACH’s breach of contract against Federal, and Western and Federal entered into a written contract giving each party the right to litigate priority of coverage in the Chen action and reimbursement.
ZALMA OPINION

Western World Insurance Company did the right thing when a dispute arose between the various insurers about which insurer was primary, which excess, and which – of two excess insurers – must exhaust before the other must pay. It turned out Western was the last in line and needed reimbursement from the others of the money it paid subject to this later suit to determine who was on first, second and third. Federal tried to avoid doing the right thing only to have the Court of Appeal slap their cobbled together arguments down. Western World acted fairly and in good faith the insured and the other insurers only to have Federal try to not pay what it owed.

022 Barry Zalma & ClaimSchool, Inc.

Barry Zalma, Esq., CFE, now limits his practice to service as an insurance consultant specializing in insurance coverage, insurance claims handling, insurance bad faith and insurance fraud almost equally for insurers and policyholders. He practiced law in California for more than 44 years as an insurance coverage and claims handling lawyer and more than 54 years in the insurance business. He is available at http://www.zalma.com and [email protected].

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Now available Barry Zalma’s newest book, The Tort of Bad Faith, available here.

The new book is available as a Kindle book, a paperback or as a hard cover.

Write to Mr. Zalma at [email protected]; http://www.zalma.com ; http://zalma.com/blog; daily articles are published at https://zalma.substack.com.

Go to the podcast Zalma On Insurance at https://anchor.fm/barry-zalma; Follow Mr. Zalma on Twitter at https://twitter.com/bzalma; Go to Barry Zalma videos at Rumble.com at https://rumble.com/c/c-262921; Go to Barry Zalma on YouTube- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCysiZklEtxZsSF9DfC0Expg; Go to the Insurance Claims Library – https://zalma.com/blog/insurance-claims-library/

00:11:22
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September 05, 2025
Interpleader Helps Everyone Potential Claimant to Insurance Proceeds

Interpleader Protects All Claimants Against Life Policy and the Insurer

Who’s on First to Get Life Insurance Proceeds

Post 5184

See the full video at https://lnkd.in/gyxQfnUz and at https://lnkd.in/gAd3wqWP, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5150 posts.

Go to X @bzalma; Go to Barry Zalma videos at Rumble.com at https://lnkd.in/gRthzSnT; Go to Barry Zalma on YouTube- https://lnkd.in/g2hGv88; Go to the Insurance Claims Library – https://lnkd.in/gwEYk.
Interpleader Protects All Claimants Against Life Policy and the Insurer

In Metropolitan Life Insurance Company v. Selena Sanchez, et al, No. 2:24-cv-03278-TLN-CSK, United States District Court, E.D. California (September 3, 2025) the USDC applied interpleader law.
Case Overview

This case involves an interpleader action brought by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (Plaintiff-in-Interpleader) against Selena Sanchez and other defendants (Defendants-in-Interpleader).

Key Points

Plaintiff-in-Interpleader’s Application:

The Plaintiff-in-Interpleader...

00:06:34
September 05, 2025
Demands for Reasons for Termination not a “Claim”

A Claim by Any Other Name is not a Claim
Post 5182

It is Imperative that Insured Report Potential Claim to Insurers

Read the full article at https://lnkd.in/gfbwAsxw, See the full video at https://lnkd.in/gea_hgB3 and at https://lnkd.in/ghZ7gjxy, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5150 posts.

In Jeffrey B. Scott v. Certain Underwriters At Lloyd’s, London, Subscribing To Policy No. B0901li1837279, RLI Insurance Company, Certain Underwriters At Lloyds, London And The Insurance Company, Subscribing To Policy No. B0180fn2102430, No. 24-12441, United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit (August 25, 2025) the court explained the need for a claim to obtain coverage.

Case Background:

This appeal arises from a coverage dispute under a Directors & Officers (D&O) insurance policy. Jeffrey B. Scott, the plaintiff-appellant, was terminated from his role as CEO, President, and Secretary of Gemini Financial Holdings, LLC in October 2019. Following his termination, Scott threatened legal action against Gemini, and ...

00:08:22
September 04, 2025
Demands for Reasons for Termination not a “Claim”

A Claim by Any Other Name is not a Claim
Post 5182

It is Imperative that Insured Report Potential Claim to Insurers

Read the full article at https://lnkd.in/gfbwAsxw, See the full video at https://lnkd.in/gea_hgB3 and at https://lnkd.in/ghZ7gjxy, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5150 posts.

In Jeffrey B. Scott v. Certain Underwriters At Lloyd’s, London, Subscribing To Policy No. B0901li1837279, RLI Insurance Company, Certain Underwriters At Lloyds, London And The Insurance Company, Subscribing To Policy No. B0180fn2102430, No. 24-12441, United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit (August 25, 2025) the court explained the need for a claim to obtain coverage.

Case Background:

This appeal arises from a coverage dispute under a Directors & Officers (D&O) insurance policy. Jeffrey B. Scott, the plaintiff-appellant, was terminated from his role as CEO, President, and Secretary of Gemini Financial Holdings, LLC in October 2019. Following his termination, Scott threatened legal action against Gemini, and ...

00:08:22
September 03, 2025

Barry Zalma: Insurance Claims Expert Witness
Posted on September 3, 2025 by Barry Zalma
The Need for a Claims Handling Expert to Defend or Prove a Tort of Bad Faith Suit

© 2025 Barry Zalma, Esq., CFE

When I finished my three year enlistment in the US Army as a Special Agent of US Army Intelligence in 1967, I sought employment where I could use the investigative skills I learned in the Army. After some searching I was hired as a claims trainee by the Fireman’s Fund American Insurance Company. For five years, while attending law school at night while working full time as an insurance adjuster I became familiar with every aspect of the commercial insurance industry.

On January 2, 1972 I was admitted to the California Bar. I practiced law, specializing in insurance claims, insurance coverage and defense of claims against people insured and defense of insurance companies sued for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. After 45 years as an active lawyer, I asked that my license to practice law be declared inactive ...

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September 03, 2025
Barry Zalma, Esq., CFE Insurance Claims Expert Witness

The Need for a Claims Handling Expert to Defend or Prove a Tort of Bad Faith Suit
© 2025 Barry Zalma, Esq., CFE

When I finished my three year enlistment in the US Army as a Special Agent of US Army Intelligence in 1967, I sought employment where I could use the investigative skills I learned in the Army. After some searching I was hired as a claims trainee by the Fireman’s Fund American Insurance Company. For five years, while attending law school at night while working full time as an insurance adjuster I became familiar with every aspect of the commercial insurance industry.

On January 2, 1972 I was admitted to the California Bar. I practiced law, specializing in insurance claims, insurance coverage and defense of claims against people insured and defense of insurance companies sued for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. After 45 years as an active lawyer, I asked that my license to practice law be declared inactive and became a consultant and expert witness for lawyers representing insurers and lawyers ...

post photo preview
September 03, 2025
Evidence Required to Prove Breach of Contract

APPRAISAL AWARD SETS AMOUNT OF DAMAGES RECOVERED FROM INSURER

Post 5180

See the full video at https://rumble.com/v6yd2z0-evidence-required-to-prove-breach-of-contract.html and at https://youtu.be/2ywEjs3hZsw, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5150 posts.

It’s a Waste of Time to Sue Your Insurer if You Don’t Have Evidence

Evidence Required to Prove Breach of Contract

Read the full article at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/evidence-required-prove-breach-contract-barry-zalma-esq-cfe-rfelc, see the full video at https://rumble.com/v6yd2z0-evidence-required-to-prove-breach-of-contract.html and at https://youtu.be/2ywEjs3hZsw, and at https://zalma.com/blog plus more than 5150 posts.

It’s a Waste of Time to Sue Your Insurer if You Don’t Have Evidence

In Debbie Beaty and Jonathan Hayes v. Homeowners Of America Insurance Company, No. 01-23-00844-CV, Court of Appeals of Texas, First District (August 26, 2025) Debbie Beaty and Jonathan Hayes filed a claim under their homeowner’s insurance policy with Homeowners of ...

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