Bad Faith & Damages & The Tort of Bad Faith
Barry Zalma
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In 1958 the California Supreme Court, with the best of intentions, changed centuries of contract law in Comunale v. Traders & General Insurance Company, 50 Cal. 2d 654, 328 P.2d 198 (Cal. 07/22/1958) and made an insurer’s breach of contract, under particularly egregious circumstances, a tort and allowed damages more than those allowed under contract common law.
Finding that there is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every contract that neither party will do anything which will injure the right of the other to receive the benefits of the agreement the court concluded that the principle was applicable to policies of insurance. The implied obligation of good faith and fair dealing requires the insurer to settle in an appropriate case even if the express terms of the policy do not impose such a duty.
The Comunales were treated badly. The insurer failed to consider the interests of its insureds and by so doing – by failing to accept a reasonable settlement offer – violated the duty of good faith owed to the Comunales and allowed them, for the first time in a breach of an insurance contract case, to recover tort damages.
The tort of bad faith (created without precedent out of the good intentions of the court) was expanded, as time went by and insurers were found to be liable for various types of tort damages including punitive damages. The first cases finding a tort of bad faith dealt with third party liability policies until 1972 when the California Supreme Court decided Gruenberg v. Aetna Insurance Company, Civ. 38919, 103 Cal.Rptr. 887, 27 Cal.App.3d 616 (1972) applying the tort of bad faith to first party property claims.
State legislatures have enacted Unfair Claim Settlement Acts to legislate what the Communale court created. Those who have adopted all, parts, or expanded upon, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) model Unfair Claims Settlement Practices statute include:
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Marianas
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
The tort was adopted by almost every state of the United States, either by court decision, legislation or both, and the business of insurance and insurance claims handling was never the same again.
Punitive damages were assessed against insurance companies in gigantic amounts with juries and courts awarding punitive damages more than 100 times greater than the amount of compensatory damages for breach of the insurance contract.
After a few decades of abuse of the tort of bad faith by insureds and plaintiffs’ or policyholders’ lawyers, recognizing the impact of the law of unintended consequences, the U.S. Supreme Court, in State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416 (2003) found it inappropriate to assess punitive damages for more than ten times compensatory damages and that in most cases punitive damages should never be more than one time the compensatory damages.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) also created an Unfair Property/Casualty Claims Settlement Practices Model Regulation that has been adopted in whole, in part, or have expanded upon the Regulation in the following states:
Florida
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia.
In addition, California, and other states, have created their own set of Unfair Claims Settlement Practices Regulations. Whether state created or based on the NAIC model regulation, the state’s Regulations result in the micro-managing of claims handling and set minimum standards of claims handling that plaintiffs can use to create a bad faith presumption if the insurer did not meet the allegedly minimum standards. The Regulations do not deal with the fact that almost every insurance claim is unique and is like a square peg trying to be fit into a round hold.
Since all insurance claims are unique the claims handling of an individual claim may not fit within the requirements of the Fair Claims Settlement Practices Regulations, plaintiffs’ lawyers, invariably seek tort and punitive damages because of the claimed failure to fulfill the minimum standards. The bad faith suits, thereafter, attempt to hold insurers hostage when a claim is rejected – even if the rejection was proper and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the policy.
The attempt to help consumers get their claims paid promptly was another victim of the law of unintended consequences and resulted in encouraging litigation rather than the fair settlement of claims providing the insured the benefits promised by the policy and nothing more than the benefits promised by the insurer.
The tort of bad faith resulted in thousands of law suits seeking tort damages. Hundreds of judgments were entered against insurers for multiple millions of dollars. Thousands of suits against insurers were settled for amounts in multiples of policy limits for fear of becoming the victim of a run-away jury and punitive damages.
The good deed created by the California Supreme Court in Comunale became a nightmare for insurers who could not convince trial judges and appellate justices, that the law of unintended consequences had struck.
For example, the following are just a few bad faith verdicts drawn from news reports:
$568,000 to Woman in Case against Progressive Select Insurance
$130 Million to Homeowners Underpaid by Farmers Insurance
$20 Million Civil Verdict Overturned: Attention to Anyone Being Defended by an Insurance Company for a Car Accident or Liability Claim
$13 Million in Insurance Payouts Required for Dropping Clients
$233,000 for insurance bad faith estimates for glass repair
Uninsured Patients to Receive 35% Refund for Overpriced Medical Bills at Scripps Health
Walgreens Pays Undisclosed Amount for Dispensing Wrong Medication Leading to Miscarriage
$1 Million Settlement by Allstate Insurance for Failure to Pay Claim
New Jersey Woman Receives $50K Verdict against Allstate Insurance
Life Insurance Company Hit for $39 Million for Failure to Pay
$14 Million Punitive Damage Ordered by Jury for Insurance Company’s Refusal to Pay Benefits
State Farm to Pay $2.5 Million to Couple for Denying Katrina Claim
$250,000 for Flooding Deaths
$20 million verdict against Allstate Insurance.
Bad faith judgments including both compensatory, contract damages, tort damages and punitive damages continue, only held back slightly by the Supreme Court decision in State Farm v. Campbell. The law of unintended consequences continues to wreak havoc on the insurance industry although recent appellate decisions have provided insurers with defenses that make it more difficult for policyholders to succeed in pursuing tort and punitive damages when the insurer’s decision to refuse payment was fairly debatable or there was a reasonable genuine dispute between the insured and the insurer.
ZALMA OPINION
The tort of bad faith proves the concept that the road to Hell is paved with good intentions. The cure of bad faith conduct by insurers led to an abuse of the business of insurance by fraudsters, insureds and lawyers who got rich off tort damages including punitive damages.
(c) 2022 Barry Zalma & ClaimSchool, Inc.
Barry Zalma, Esq., CFE, now limits his practice to service as an insurance consultant specializing in insurance coverage, insurance claims handling, insurance bad faith and insurance fraud almost equally for insurers and policyholders. He practiced law in California for more than 44 years as an insurance coverage and claims handling lawyer and more than 54 years in the insurance business. He is available at http://www.zalma.com and [email protected].
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Posted on February 19, 2026 by Barry Zalma
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Posted on February 19, 2026 by Barry Zalma
Read the full article at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/passover-americans-barry-zalma-esq-cfe-5vgkc.
“The Passover Seder For Americans”
For more than 3,000 years Jewish fathers have told the story of the Exodus of the enslaved Jews from Egypt. Telling the story has been required of all Jewish fathers. Americans, who have lived in North America for more than 300 years have become Americans and many have lostthe ability to read, write and understand the Hebrew language in which the story of Passover was first told in the Torah.
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